1. Chicago is a city in Michigan and Michigan is part of the United States. Therefore, Chicago is a city in the United States.
2. If Queen Elizabeth was born in Los Angeles, then she is a California native. Queen Elizabeth is not a California native. Therefore, Queen Elizabeth was not born in Los Angeles.
3. Every province in Canada has exactly one city as its capital. Therefore, since there are thirty provinces in Canada, there are thirty provincial capitals.
4. Since the Department of Defense Building outside Washington, D.C., has the shape of a hexagon, it follows that it has seven sides.
5. Since Winston Churchill was English, and Winston Churchill was a famous statesman, we may conclude that at least one Englishman was a famous statesman.
6. Since some fruits are green, and some fruits are apples, it follows that some fruits are green apples.
7. All physicians are individuals who have earned degrees in political science, and some lawyers are physicians. Therefore, some lawyers are persons who have earned degrees in political science.
8. The United States Congress has more members than there are days in the year. Therefore, at least two members of Congress have the same birthday.
The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion. Finally, determine whether the argument is sound or unsound.