1. The two methods of illegally obtaining property from others are theft and fraud.
a. True
b. False

2. Fraud is:
a. The use of force to obtain property
b. The use of deception to obtain property
c. The use of the law to obtain property
d. The use of political action to obtain property

3. Each of the following is a common law ­element of fraud except:
a. A material false statement or omission
b. A fraudster is an expert in the area in which the fraud is committed
c. An intention to induce a victim to rely on false information
d. The fraudster knew the statement was false or information was omitted
e. The victim relied on the statement or omission

4. Which of the following best describes fraud?
a. A criminal offense
b. A capital offense
c. A political offense
d. None of the above

5. As emphasized in this chapter, fraud is:
a. A crime of passion
b. A crime of force
c. A contest of wills
d. A crime of intent

6. If a fraudster does not confess, which of the following is needed in order to establish fraudulent intent?
a. Direct inquiry evidence
b. Negotiation
c. Circumstantial evidence
d. Explicit evidence

7. What key factors determine the reliability of circumstantial evidence for the purpose of establishing intent?
a. The degree of impact
b. The nature of the fraud
c. Alternative explanations
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c

8. Under which of the following sets of conditions is circumstantial evidence deemed reliable?

9. Which of the following best defines circumstantial evidence?
a. A set of logically obtained facts
b. A collection of fragmented evidence that supports one inference over another
c. Forensic observations and societal models that are developed by a forensic accountant
d. A set of evidence that has been reviewed and approved by a court in an approvedjurisdiction

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Alternative Degree Explanations Impact Exist None Exist None High High Low Low b. d.