A total of 2452 American adults responded to a survey about their income level and their general level of health. Table 24 summarizes their responses.

a. What proportion of the adults who have poor health are lower-income?
b. What proportion of the lower-income adults have poor health?
c. What proportion of the middle-income adults have poor health?
d. A student says that the middle-income adults are more likely to have poor health than the lower-income adults because more of the middle-income adults (283) have poor health than the lower-income adults (268). What would you tell the student?
e. The survey included questions about topics other than income and health. Of the people who participated in the study, 56 refused to reveal their income class and/or level of health. What type(s) of bias in sampling likely occurred? Explain.

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Table 24 Income Class versus General Health Level Health in General Total Excellent Good Poor Upper Income 223 228 5502 Middle Income Lower Income Total 412 127 762 1088 602 2452 592 283 1287 268 268 663