An African American who was a senior executive in a federal government agency brought a race discrimination complaint based on allegations that his white supervisor meddled in and undermined his managerial authority. Among the acts he objected to were the supervisor’s overriding his decision regarding the hiring of clerical staff (although she reversed her own decision two days later), removing employees from his division without consulting him, hiring a job candidate over his objection, failing to appoint him as acting director for a day while she was gone, and refusing to authorize discipline against one of the manager’s subordinates in a case of possible theft. However, the executive did not lose his job or suffer a pay cut. Assuming it could be shown that the supervisor’s acts were racially motivated, did they constitute adverse employment actions?