An important reaction in the commercial production of hydrogen is
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ H2(g) + CO2(g)
How will this system at equilibrium shift in each of the five following cases?
a. Gaseous carbon dioxide is removed.
b. Water vapor is added.
c. In a rigid reaction container, the pressure is increased by adding helium gas.
d. The temperature is increased (the reaction is exothermic).
e. The pressure is increased by decreasing the volume of the reaction container.