Calculate the real deficit or surplus in the following cases:
a. Inflation is 10 percent. Debt is $3 trillion. Nominal deficit is $220 billion.
b. Inflation is 2 percent. Debt is $1 trillion. Nominal deficit is $50 billion.
c. Inflation is —4 percent. (Price levels are falling.) Debt is $500 billion. Nominal deficit is $30 billion.
d. Inflation is 3 percent. Debt is $2 trillion. Nominal surplus is $100 billion.