Commercial airlines overbook flights, selling more tickets than they have seats, because a sizeable number of reservation holders don€™t show up in time for their flights. But sometimes, there are more passengers wishing to board than there are seats. Most airlines try to entice travelers to voluntarily give up their seats in return for free travel or other awards, but they do have to €œbump€ some travelers involuntarily. Of course, they don€™t like to offend passengers by bumping, so they are constantly trying to improve their systems for predicting how many passengers will show up. Have the rates of €œbumping€ changed? Here are data on the number of passengers involuntarily denied boarding (€œbumping€ is not the approved term) per 10,000 passengers during the periods of January to June in 2011 and 2012 by airline.

a) Are these paired data? Why or why not?
b) Was there a statistically significant change in the number of passengers involuntarily denied boarding per 10,000 passengers?

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Denied Involuntary Boarding/10K enplanements Airline JetBlue Airways Virgin America Hawaiian Airlines Delta Air Lines Alaska Airlines Frontier Airlines US Airways American Arlines Southwest Airlines Airtran Airways American Eagle Airlines Expresslet Airlines United Airlines Skywest Airlines Mesa Airlines 2011 2012 0.01 0.01 NA 0.08 02 0.29 0.41 1.03 0.62 1.02 0.74 1.04 0.74 1.03 0.74 0.78 0.91 0.43 0.92 2.921.27 0.76 1.93 1.08 0.66 2.07 2.3 0.05 1.93 248 *United Airlines and Continental are combined (following their merger). Expresslet Airlines and Atlantic Southeast Airlines are combined.