Consider the following competing hypotheses and relevant summary statistics:

H₀: ????²₁ ∕ ????²₂ = 1

H_A: ????²₁ ∕ ????²₂ ≠ 1

Sample 1: X̅₁ = 48.5, s²₁ = 18.7, and n₁ = 10

Sample 2: X̅₂ = 50.2, s²₂ =12.9, and n₂ = 8

Assume that the two populations are normally distributed.

a. Using the p-value approach, conduct this hypothesis test at the 5% significance level.

b. Confirm your conclusions by using the critical value approach.