Determine whether each of the following pairs of events is independent:
a. Rolling a pair of dice and observing a “1” on the first die and a “1” on the second die
b. Drawing a “spade” from a regular deck of playing cards and then drawing another “spade” from the same deck without replacing the first card
c. Same as part b except the first card is returned to the deck before the second drawing
d. Owning a red automobile and having blonde hair
e. Owning a red automobile and having a flat tire today
f. Studying for an exam and passing the exam