Find the fraction of ionized donor impurities if the donor ionization energy is large enough that d

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Find the fraction of ionized donor impurities if the donor ionization energy is large enough that ∆εd is larger than τ log(nc/8nd) by several times τ. The result explains why substances with large impurity ionization energies remain insulators even if impure.

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Thermal Physics

ISBN: 978-0716710882

2nd Edition

Authors: Charles Kittel, Herbert Kroem

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