Hallam, Price, and Katsarou (2002) investigated the influence of background noise on classroom performance for children aged 10 to 12. In a similar study, students in one classroom worked on an arithmetic task with calming music in the background. Students in a second classroom heard aggressive, exciting music, and students in a third room had no music at all. The researchers measured the number of problems answered correctly for each student to determine whether the music conditions had any effect on performance.