In 1997, SFAS 130, Reporting Comprehensive Income, was issued by the FASB ( now included in ASC 220). We introduced other comprehensive income, including the related IASB standard, in Section 1.10. Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in equity during the period except those resulting from investments by or distributions to owners. Thus, in addition to net income as calculated under GAAP, comprehensive income includes other comprehensive income—namely, items such as unrealized translation gains and losses resulting from consolidation of foreign subsidiaries, some unrealized fair value gains and losses on financial assets ( Section 7.5.2 ), and unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges ( Section 7.9.2 ). A reason for the creation of other comprehensive income is that management objects to the inclusion of unrealized items in net income, on the grounds that they are volatile, uncontrollable, and uninformative about their effort.
Under both IASB and FASB standards, other comprehensive income items can be reported following net income in a combined comprehensive income statement or, if shown separately, in a statement beginning with net income and reported immediately following the net income statement. Either way, comprehensive income is the sum of net income and other comprehensive income. In most cases, as unrealized gains and losses are realized (e. g., by selling fair- valued securities), the now- realized gain or loss is transferred from other comprehensive income to net income.

Required
a. Assuming that the goal of standard setters is to ultimately value all assets and liabilities at fair value, is the inclusion of unrealized gains and losses in other comprehensive income most consistent with the public interest or the interest group theory of regulation? Explain.
b. Under the original 1997 FASB accounting standard (SFAS 130), other comprehensive income could be reported either in a combined comprehensive income statement or as part of a statement of changes in shareholders’ equity. This latter option showsother comprehensive income apart from net income. Most U. S. firms choose this latter option. Why?
c. Is inclusion of other comprehensive income in a separate statement of changes in shareholders’ equity consistent with managers’ acceptance of efficient securities market theory? Explain.