In each of the following cases, determine the amount of realized gain or loss and the recognized gain or loss:

a. Cheryl sells her house for $73,000 and pays $4,000 in commissions on the sale. She paid $83,000 for the house 4 years earlier.

b. In July 2011, Alexandra, who is single, is transferred to SanDiego. She had purchased a new home the previous month for $50,000, and had contracted to make $25,000 of improvements to the house. After the improvements are completed in November, Alexandra sells the house for $97,000 and pays a $3,000 commission on the sale.

c. Oswald is single and sells his principal residence for $340,000. He pays selling expenses of $20,000. Oswald purchased the house for $75,000 in 1996.

d. Ushi was transferred to North Carolina in September 2008 and was unable to sell her home in Texas before moving. She acquired the home in October 2006 for $110,000. She rents out the Texas house on a 6-month lease. In March 2010, Ushi purchases a new residence in North Carolina at a cost of $150,000. She continues to rent out the Texas property on a 6-month lease. The Texas house finally sells in December 2011 for $130,000. Ushi pays $10,000 in commissions on the sale.