In June 2009, the New York Times published an article entitled "Alcohol's Good for You? Some Scientists Doubt It." The author wrote, "Study after study suggests at alcohol in moderation may promote heart health and en ward off diabetes and dementia. The evidence is so plentiful that some experts consider moderate drinking- about one drink a day for women, about two for men-a central component of a healthy lifestyle." Later in the article, the author wrote, "For some scientists, the question will not go away. No study, these critics say, has ever proved a causal relationship between moderate drinking and lower risk of death." Explain using the language of statistics and a schematic diagram similar to Figure 7.4.1 why the critics say no study has ever proved a causal relationship.
Figure 7.4.1

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Table 7.4.1 Weight (mg) Males Females 0.94 0.30 Mean L53 0.28 SD