In the paper "The Relation of Sex and Sense of Direction to Spatial Orientation in an Unfamiliar Environment" (Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 20, pp. 17-28), J. Sholl et al. published the results of examining the sense of direction of 30 male and 30 female students. After being taken to an unfamiliar wooded park, the students were given some spatial orientation tests, including pointing to south, which tested their absolute frame of reference. The students pointed by moving a pointer attached to a 360—¦ protractor. Following are the absolute pointing errors, in degrees, of the participants.

At the 1% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that, on average, males Have a better sense of direction and, in particular, a better frame of reference than females? (Note: . x1 = 37.6, s1 = 38.5, . x2 = 55.8, and s2 = 48.3.)

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Male Female 13 130 3933 10 14 820 3 138 13 68 18 3 122 78 69 3 38 23 60 5 9 12831 18 35 111 59 5 86 22 70 109 36 27 32 35 58 3 167 15 30 12 27 8 3 80 8 20 67 26 1991 68 66 176 15