Lawrence Summers (former secretary of the treasury and former president of Harvard) infamously claimed that women have a lower standard deviation IQ than men. He went on to suggest that this was a potential explanation as to why there are fewer women in top math and science positions. Suppose an IQ of 145 or higher is required to be a researcher at a top-notch research institution. Use the idea of standard deviation, the Empirical Rule, and the fact that the mean and standard deviation IQ of humans is 100 and 15, respectively, to explain Summers’ argument.