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biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

From chapter 20, figure 20.11a. What biochemical characteristic does this figure illustrate? How could this characteristic be used to begin the identification of the isolated bacteria in this
Starting with figure 17.5 and using data from the Case File tables 1 and 2, complete a flowchart that outlines the steps in identifying the species in Case File 17.
a. What is the probable significance of isolating large numbers of Streptococcus mitis from a throat swab sample? b. What is the significance of isolating three Staphylococcus epidermidis colonies
Explain this statement: The prevalence of gonorrhea is higher in women, but the incidence of gonorrhea is higher in men.
Explain why it is so important to take a detailed cardiovascular and infection history of dental patients.
An elderly man with influenza acquires a case of pneumonia. Grampositive cocci isolated from his sputum give betahemolysis on blood agar; the infection is very difficult to treat. Later, it is shown
A child is brought to the emergency room in a semiconscious state with a high fever. Earlier, he had complained of a stiff neck and headache. A tap of spinal fluid is performed and tested. A Gram
You have been handed the problem of diagnosing gonorrhea from a single test. Which one will you choose and why?
You have been called upon to prevent outbreaks of SSSS in the nursery of a hospital where this strain of S. aureus has been isolated. a. What will be the main concerns? b. What procedures will
You have been given the assignment of obtaining some type of culture that could help identify the cause of otitis media in a small child. a. What area might you sample? b. Why is this disease so
a. Name the three species of pyogenic cocci most commonly implicated in neonatal disease. b. Explain how infants might acquire such diseases.
Comment on the practice of kissing pets on the face or allowing them to lick or kiss one’s face. What are some possible consequences of this?
a. For which pyogenic cocci is penicillin not a good choice for treatment and why? b. Itemize alternative drugs for pyogenic cocci and the indications for their use.
Look at figure 18.10 of the cell structure of streptococci and identify and locate all envelope molecules. Summarize the specific effects each type has on host defenses, and explain how it will favor
From chapter 14, figure 14.2 a. How does this aspect of the body€™s defenses help protect against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection?
From chapter 17, figure 17.7 b. Explain how this technique can be used to diagnose infections with group A streptococci?
a. What is the main clinical strategy in preventing gas gangrene? b. Why does it work?
Do you think the spittoons of the last century were effective in controlling tuberculosis? Why or why not?
a. Provide an explanation for the statement that TB and leprosy are “family diseases.” b. What, if anything, can be done about multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? c. Explain an important rationale
Carefully compare figures 19.11 and 19.23.a. Describe the main differences observable in the lesions of these two conditions.b. Explain how you would go about diagnosing them differentially.
Eighty-six people at a St. Patrick’s Day celebration developed diarrhea, cramps, and vomiting after eating a traditional dinner of corned beef, cabbage, potatoes, and ice cream. Symptoms appeared
An outbreak of gastrointestinal illness was reported in a day care center. Of 67 people, 14 came down with symptoms of nausea, cramps, and diarrhea within 2 to 3 hours of eating. Food items included
a. Why is it unlikely that diseases such as tetanus and botulism will ever be completely eradicated? b. Name some bacterial diseases in this chapter that could be completely eradicated and explain
a. Why does botulin not affect the senses? b. Why does botulism not commonly cause intestinal symptoms?
a. Why do patients who survive tetanus and botulism often have no sequelae? b. How has modern medicine improved the survival rate for these two diseases?
What would be the likely consequence of diphtheria infection alone without toxemia?
What is the logic behind testing for E. coli to detect fecal contamination of water?
a. Name six bacteria from chapters 19 and 20 that could be used in biological warfare. b. What are some possible ways they could be used in warfare? c. What is your personal opinion of using
“There is no circumstance that you can cook out 230 million bacteria. I’m not willing to take the risk that one pathogen isn’t going to survive”—Ron Schnitzer (microbiologist). Comment on
Identify the genera with the following characteristics from figure 20.9:a. Lactose (€“), phenylalanine and urease (€“), citrate (+), ONPG (€“)b. Lactose (+), motility
An infectious dose of several million cells in enteric infections seems like a lot. a. In terms of the size and abundance of microbes, could you see a cluster containing that many cells with the
Students in our classes sometimes ask how it is possible for a single enteric carrier to infect 1,000 people at a buffet or for a box turtle to expose someone to food infection. We always suggest
Explain the reasons for an increase in numbers of pertussis cases.
Compare and contrast the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of meningococcal meningitis and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.
Several persons working in an exercise gym acquired an acute disease characterized by fever, cough, pneumonia, and headache. Treatment with erythromycin cleared it up. The source was never found, but
A 3-year-old severely ill child was admitted to a hospital with symptoms of diarrhea, fever, and malaise. Laboratory testing showed abnormal renal and liver values and anemia. She had no history of
From figure 20.5 Use chapter 17 as a reference guideline for interpretation. Lanes numbered 1 through 6 are different patient sera and A through H are increasing dilutions of these sera. Identify the
Why is it so difficult to trace the historical origin of disease, as with syphilis?
a. In what way is the oral cavity an ecological system? b. What causes an imbalance? c. Explain how it is possible for the gingiva and tooth surface to provide an anaerobic habitat. d. What are some
a. Why does syphilis have such profound effects on the human body? b. Why is long-term immunity to syphilis so difficult to achieve?
a. In view of the fact that cholera causes the secretion of electrolytes into the intestine, explain what causes the loss of water. b. Explain why ORT is so effective in restoring victims of cholera.
What would be the best type of vaccine for cholera?
a. Explain the general relationships of the vector, the reservoir, and the agent of infection. b. Can you think of an explanation for Lyme disease having such a low incidence in the southern United
a. Which bacteria presented in this chapter can be cultivated on artificial media? b. Which require embryos or cell culture?
Describe the conditions that lead to disease by L forms.
Give reasons most humans are not constantly battling fungal infections, considering how prevalent fungi are in the environment.
a. Name several medical conditions that compromise the immunities of patients. b. Is there any such thing as a harmless contaminant with these patients? c. Describe the consequences if a virulent
Using the general guidelines presented in chapter 17 and figure 22.3, explain how you can tell for sure if a fungal isolate is the actual causative agent or merely a contaminant.Figure 22.3
a. Explain why some dermatophytes are considered good parasites. b. Why would infections from soil and animal species be more virulent than ones from fungi adapted to humans? c. Suggest a reason that
a. Describe the difficulties in diagnosing endemic fungal infections that are acquired by travelers or nonnatives to endemic areas. b. Which forms of diagnostic testing will improve the likelihood of
A male researcher wanting to determine the pathogenesis of a certain fungus that often attacks women did the following experiment on himself. He taped a piece of gauze heavily inoculated with the
A worker involved in demolishing an older downtown building is the victim of a severe lung infection. a. Without any lab data, what two fungal infections do you suspect? b. What is your reasoning? c.
What would you expect to see microscopically from a scraping of the white patch? Describe other diagnostic procedures for this infection.
Explain why a person with overt symptoms of intestinal Entamoeba histolytica infection is unlikely to transmit infection to others.
a. What one simple act could in time eradicate ascariasis? b. Hookworm? c. Beef tapeworm?
To achieve a cure for tapeworm, why must the antihelminthic drug either kill the scolex or slacken its grip?
Students sometimes react with horror and distress when they discover that cats and dogs carry parasites to humans. Give an example of a disease for each of these animals that can be spread to humans,
a. Why is it necessary for most parasites to leave their host to complete the life cycle? b. What are some ways to prevent completion of the life cycle? c. What is the benefit to parasites of having
East Indian natives habitually chew on betel nuts as an alkaloidal stimulant and narcotic. A side effect is phlegm collection, which is eliminated by frequent spitting. The incidence of Strongyloides
In New York City, four Orthodox Jewish patients brought into an emergency clinic with seizures and other neurological symptoms tested positive for antibodies to the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. This
a. Explain why Trichomonas vaginalis is less likely to be transmitted by casual contact. b. What is meant by “ping-pong” infection, and why must both sex partners be treated for trichomoniasis?
a. If a person returns from traveling afflicted with trypanosomiasis or leishmaniasis, is he or she generally infective to others? b. Why or why not? c. Explain why there is no malaria above 6,000
Give some of the reasons that there are no really effective human vaccines so far for parasitic infections.
a. After comparing the maps shown in figures 23.8, 23.9, and 23.12, provide reasons to account for the patterns of distribution shown.b. Describe some factors that would affect the changes in the
a. Which diseases end up in the intestine from swallowing larval worms? b. From swallowing eggs? c. From penetration of larvae into skin?
Observe figures a, b, c, and d and identify the parasite shown.
For which DNA viral diseases are there vaccines available and how are they formulated?
Give some pros and cons of exposing children to chickenpox to infect them and provide subsequent immunity, as opposed to vaccination.
What two different DNA viral infections can be identified with a Pap smear? Explain what abnormalities one would see.
a. Describe some ways that DNA viruses can become oncogenic. b. Why is isolating a virus from a tumor not indicative of its role in disease? c. What important indicators could verify that various
Discuss the pros and cons of salvaging or destroying the smallpox virus stocks.
a. Can you propose some reasons that herpes simplex and zoster viruses are carried primarily in ganglia? b. What mechanism might account for reactivation of these viruses by various traumatic events?
Explain why a baby whose mother has genital herpes is not entirely safe even with a cesarean birth.
a. What specific host defenses do immunodeficient, cancer, and AIDS patients lack that make them so susceptible to the viral diseases in this chapter? b. Given the ubiquity of most of these viruses,
a. Name two different defective viruses that require another virus for function. b. Explain how they might interrelate with the host virus.
Explain this statement: One acquires chickenpox from others, but one acquires shingles from oneself.
Using figure 24.1 and table 24.1 as references, match each virus (a€“d) with its usual infection pattern (1€“5). Explain the outcomes of the disease process for each virus.
a. Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics. b. Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?
If wild-type polio disappeared from the Western Hemisphere by 1991, how do you explain the 11 cases of polio reported in the United States in 2000?
Various over-the-counter cold remedies control or inhibit inflammation and depress the symptoms of colds. Is this beneficial or not? Support your answer.
a. Explain how the antibody content of a patient’s sera could be used to predict which strain of influenza predominated during a previous epidemic. b. Explain the precise way that cross-species
a. Why do infections such as mumps, measles, polio, rubella, and RSV regularly infect children and not adults? b. Measles is considered to be a highly contagious infection. Explain how it is possible
a. Explain what characteristics of virus and host make zoonotic diseases possible and difficult to control.b. Make a diagram that details the progression of arboviruses from deep in the Amazon rain
a. Can you think of a plausible series of events that could explain how HIV came to be so widespread?b. Explain why there can be such a discrepancy between the total number of reported cases of AIDS
Trace the likely possible transmission pathways of HIV (source in first person, mode of infection in second person, portals of exit and entry) for each of the following: a. From one infected
Explain the characteristics of HIV and infection that make it such a diffi target for the immune system and for drugs.
a. Explain why a direct antigen test for HIV infection would be preferable to a serological test for antibodies. b. What factors have prevented the development of an effective AIDS vaccine? c. Give a
a. What precautions can a person take to prevent himself or herself from contracting HIV infection? b. How can a health care worker prevent possible infection?
Refer to figures 25.2 and 25.23, and compare and contrast how both viruses use surface receptors to evade an immune reaction and neutralizing antibodies.
Give specific examples from biogeochemical cycles that support the Gaia theory.
a. Is the greenhouse effect harmful under ordinary circumstances? b. List the primary greenhouse gases and explain their effects on the earth’s temperature. c. What occurrence has made them
a. What eventually happens to the nutrients that run off into the ocean with sewage and other effluents? b. Why can high mountain communities usually dispense with water treatment?
If we are to rely on microorganisms to biodegrade wastes in landfills, aquatic habitats, and soil, list some ways that this process could be made more efficient.
Inspect figure 26.4 and identify the different types of planktonic microbes.
From chapter 3, figure 3.9 b. If this MacConkey agar plate were streaked with well water, would you report that coliforms were present in the well, and is the water potable? Explain your
Describe three important potential applications of bacteria that can make methane.
a. Describe four food-preparation and food-maintenance practices in your own kitchen that could expose people to food poisoning, and explain how to prevent them. b. What is a good general rule to
a. What is the purpose of boiling the wort in beer preparation? b. What are hops used for? c. If fermentation of sugars to produce alcohol in wine is anaerobic, why do winemakers make sure that the
Predict the differences in the outcome of raw milk that has been incubated for 48 hours versus pasteurized milk that has been incubated for the same length of time.
Explain the ways that biotransformation by synergistic microorganisms is harnessed in industrial microbiology.

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