Miroslav Klose, CMA and controller of the Parts Division of Matthaus Inc., was meeting with Franz Beckenbauer, manager of the division. The topic of discussion was the assignment of overhead costs to jobs and their impact on the division's pricing decisions. Their conversation was as follows:
Miroslav: Franz, as you know, about 25 percent of our business is based on government con- tracts, with the other 75 percent based on jobs from private sources won through bid- ding. During the past several years, our private business has declined. We have been losing more bids than usual. After some careful investigation, I have concluded that we are overpricing some jobs because of improper assignment of overhead costs. Some jobs are also being underpriced. Unfortunately, the jobs being overpriced are coming from our higher-volume, labour-intensive products; thus, we are losing business.
Franz: I think I understand. Jobs associated with our high-volume products are being assigned more overhead than they should be receiving. Then, when we add our stand- ard 40 percent markup, we end up with a higher price than our competitors, who assign costs more accurately.
Miroslav: Exactly. We have two producing departments, one labour-intensive and the other machine-intensive. The labour-intensive department generates much less overhead than the machine-intensive department. Furthermore, virtually all of our high-volume jobs are labour-intensive. We have been using a plantwide rate based on direct labour hours to assign overhead to all jobs. As a result, the high-volume, labour-intensive jobs receive a greater share of the machine-intensive department's overhead than they deserve. This problem can be greatly alleviated by switching to departmental over- head rates. For example, an average high-volume job would be assigned $100,000 of overhead using a plantwide rate and only $70,000 using departmental rates. The change would lower our bidding price on high-volume jobs by an average of $42,000 per job. By increasing the accuracy of our product costing, we can make better pricing decisions and win back much of our private-sector business.
Franz: Sounds good. When can you implement the change in overhead rates?
Miroslav: It won't take long. I can have the new system working within four to six weeks- certainly by the start of the new fiscal year.
Franz: Hold it. I just thought of a possible complication. As I recall, most of our government contract work is done in the labour-intensive department. This new overhead assign- ment scheme will push down the cost on the government jobs, and we will lose reve- nues. They pay us full cost plus our standard markup. This business is not threatened by our current costing procedures, but we can't switch our rates for only the private business. Government auditors would question the lack of consistency in our costing procedures.
Miroslav: You do have a point. I thought of this issue also. According to my estimates, we will gain more revenues from the private sector than we will lose from our government contracts. Besides, the costs of our government jobs are distorted; in effect, we are overcharging the government.
Franz: They don't know that and never will unless we switch our overhead assignment proce- dures. I think I have the solution. Officially, let's keep our plantwide overhead rate. All of the official records will reflect this overhead costing approach for both our pri- vate and government business. Unofficially, I want you to develop a separate set of books that can be used to generate the information we need to prepare competitive bids for our private-sector business.
Required:
1. Do you believe that the solution proposed by Franz is ethical? Explain.
2. Suppose that Miroslav decides that Franz's solution is not right and objects strongly. Further suppose that, despite Miroslav's objections, Franz insists strongly on implementing the action. What should Miroslav do?