One measure of physical fitness is maximal oxygen uptake, which is the maximum rate at which a person can consume oxygen. A treadmill test was used to determine the maximal oxygen uptake of nine college women before and after participation in a 10-week program of vigorous exercise. The accompanying table shows the before and after measurements and the change (after-before); all values are in ml 02 per mm per kg body weight.

The following computations are to be done on the change in maximal oxygen uptake (the right-hand column).
(a) Calculate the mean and the SD.
(b) Determine the median.
(c) Eliminate participant 1 from the data and repeat parts (a) and (b). Which of the descriptive measures display robustness and which do not?

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Maximal oxygen uptake Participant Before After Change 48,6 38,0 31.2 45.5 41.7 41.8 379 39.2 47.2 38.8 40.7 32.0 45.4 43.2 45.3 38.9 43.5 45.0 -9.8 2.7 0.8 -0.1 1.5 3.5 1.0 4.3 2.2