Perform the following lag operations (Y, and X, are stochastic processes and c is a constant): a.

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Perform the following lag operations (Y, and X, are stochastic processes and c is a constant):
a. LYt =
b. Lc =
c. L2Yt =
d. LkYt = for some integer k > 0
e. Yt –LYt =
f. Yt = a + (1–pL)Yt =
g. Yt = a + (1– PlL + p2L2)Yt + LXt =
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