Read News Story 8 in the Appendix, “Education, kids strengthen marriage.” Discuss the extent to which each of these problems with observational studies may affect the conclusions based on this study:
a. Confounding variables and the implications of causation
b. Extending the results inappropriately
c. Using the past as a source of data each of the situations in Exercises 39 to 41 contains one of the complications listed as “difficulties and disasters” with designed experiments or observational studies (Sections 5.3 and 5.5). Explain the problem and suggest how it could have been either avoided or addressed. If you think more than one complication could have occurred, mention them all, but go into detail about only the most problematic.