Stress has long been known to influence physical health. Visintainer, Volpicelli, and Seligman (1982) investigated the hypothesis that rats given 60 trials of inescapable shock would be less likely to later reject an implanted tumor than would rats who had received 60 trials of escapable shock or 60 no-shock trials. They obtained the following data:

What would you conclude from these data?

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Inescapable Escapable Shock Shock 19 30 No Shock Reject No Reject Total Total 45 48 93 18 15 30