Which of the following statements is always true about arbitration?

a. Arbitration does not produce a decision.

b. The disputing parties must consent to the arbitrator’s decision in cases involving binding arbitration.

c. Arbitration is generally more costly and timeconsuming than civil litigation.

d. Federal courts may set aside arbitration awards that do not conform to law.

e. The disputing parties are bound to the decision of the arbitrator if they agreed to binding arbitration beforehand.