Participants were instructed to either draw an image for each word, visualize an image for each word, or write the word. The summary statistics for number of words recalled (out of 10) are shown in Table 8.11.

Table 8.11 What helps memory recall? Experiment 2

\begin{array}{lccc}
\hline Group & \boldsymbol{n} & Mean & St.Dev. \\
\hline Draw & 9 & 5.1 & 1.1 \\
Visualize & 9 & 3.7 & 1.7 \\
Write & 9 & 3.2 & 1.3 \\
\hline Overall & 27 & 4.0 & 1.566 \\
\hline \end{array}

Describe three different experiments investigating the effect of drawing on memory. In each experiment, participants were randomly divided into three groups and shown a list of 10 words to memorize. The response variable is the number of words participants are able to recall. For each experiment, construct an ANOVA table to assess the difference in mean word recall between the three groups and answer the following questions.

(a) Which method had the highest mean recall in the sample? Which had the lowest?

(b) What is the F-statistic?

(c) What is the p-value?

(d) At a 5\% level, what is the conclusion of the test?

(e) According to this experiment, does it matter what you do if you want to memorize a list of words, and, if it matters, what should you do?