An integrand with trigonometric functions in the numerator and denominator can often be converted to a rational

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An integrand with trigonometric functions in the numerator and denominator can often be converted to a rational integrand using the substitution u = tan (x/2) or equivalently x = 2 tan-1 u. The following relations are used in making this change of variables.

и 2 du B: sin xх %— 2u |A: dx = C: cos x = 1+ и? 1+ и? 1 + и?

Evaluatedx 2 + cos x

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Calculus Early Transcendentals

ISBN: 978-0321947345

2nd edition

Authors: William L. Briggs, Lyle Cochran, Bernard Gillett

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