For testing independence, show that X 2 n min (I 1, J 1). Hence
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For testing independence, show that X2 ≤ n min (I – 1, J – 1). Hence V2 = X2 / [n min(I – 1, J – 1)] falls between 0 and 1 (Carmer 1946). For 2 × 2 tables, X2 / n is often called phi-squared; it equals Goodman and Kruskal’s tau. Other measures based on X2 include the contingency coefficient [X2/(X2 + n)]1/2 (Pearson 1904).
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