Issues of efficiency and fairness often get intertwined in complex ways. Use the perspectives on the principles of taxation provided in the text to discuss the appropriateness of:
a. Taxes on gasoline.
b. Subsidies to public transportation.
c. Polluter-pays principle, in which those who cause pollution have to pay for its cleanup (e.g., dry-cleaning establishments having to clean up the toxic wastes resulting from the chemicals they use).