An equities analyst is studying the pharmaceutical industry and would like your help in exploring and understanding the financial data collected by her firm. Her main objective is to understand the structure of the pharmaceutical industry using some basic financial measures. Financial data gathered on 21 firms in the pharmaceutical industry are available in the file Pharmaceuticals.csv. For each firm, the following attributes are recorded:

1. Market capitalization (in billions of dollars)

2. Beta 

3. Price/earnings ratio 

4. Return on equity 

5. Return on assets 

6. Asset turnover 

7. Leverage 

8. Estimated revenue growth 

9. Net profit margin 

10. Median recommendation (across major brokerages) 

11. Location of firm’s headquarters 

12. Stock exchange on which the firm is listed 

Use cluster analysis to explore and analyze the given dataset as follows:

a. Use only the numerical attributes (1–9) to cluster the 21 firms. Justify the various choices made in conducting the cluster analysis, such as the specific clustering algorithm(s) used, the number of clusters formed, and so on.

b. Interpret the clusters with respect to the numerical attributes used in forming the clusters.

c. Is there a pattern in the clusters with respect to the categorical attributes (10–12) (those not used in forming the clusters)?

d. Provide an appropriate name for each cluster using any or all of the attributes in the dataset.