The claim is that for measurements of standard head injury criteria in car crash tests, μ = 475 HIC (standard head injury condition units). The sample size is n = 21 and the test statistic is t = -2.242.

Either use technology to find the P-value or use Table A-3 to find a range of values for the P-value.

 Table A-1

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Left tail Table A-3 t Distribution: Critical t Values 0.005 0.01 Area in One Tail 0.025 0.05 0.10 Degrees of Area in Two Tails Freedom 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.20 1 63.657 31.821 12.706 6.314 3.078 2 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 1.886 3. 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 1.638 4 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 1.533 5 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015 1.476 6 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 1.440 7 3.499 2.998 2.365 1.895 1.415 8 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 1.397 Critical + value 9 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833 1.383 (negative) 10 3.169 2.764 2.228 1.812 1.372 11 3.106 2.718 2.201 1.796 1.363 12 3.055 2.681 2.179 1.782 1.356 13 3.012 2.650 2.160 1.771 1.350 14 2.977 2.624 2.145 1.761 1.345 Right tail 15 2.947 2.602 2.131 1.753 1.341 16 2.921 2.583 2.120 1.746 1.337 17 2.898 2.567 2.110 1.740 1.333 18 2.878 2.552 2.101 1.734 1.330 19 2.861 2.539 2.093 1.729 1.328 20 2.845 2.528 2.086 1.725 1.325 21 2.831 2.518 2.080 1.721 1.323 22 2.819 2.508 2.074 1.717 1.321 a 23 2.807 2.500 2.069 1.714 1.319 24 2.797 2.492 2.064 1.711 1.318 25 2.787 2.485 2.060 1.708 1.316 26 2.779 2.479 2.056 1.706 1.315 Critical + value 27 2.771 2.473 2.052 1.703 1.314 (positive) 28 2.763 2.467 2.048 1.701 1.313 29 2.756 2.462 2.045 1.699 1.311 30 2.750 2.457 2.042 1.697 1.310 31 2.744 2.453 2.040 1.696 1.309 32 2.738 2.449 2.037 1.694 1.309 33 2.733 2.445 2.035 1.692 1.308 34 2.728 2.441 2.032 1.691 1.307 Two tails 35 2.724 2.438 2.030 1.690 1.306 36 2.719 2.434 2.028 1.688 1.306 37 2.715 2.431 2.026 1.687 1.305 38 2.712 2.429 2.024 1.686 1.304 39 2.708 2.426 2.023 1.685 1.304 40 2.704 2.423 2.021 1.684 1.303 45 2.690 2.412 2.014 1.679 1.301 50 2.678 2.403 2.009 1.676 1.299 /2 /2 60 2.660 2.390 2.000 1.671 1.296 70 2.648 2.381 1.994 1.667 1.294 80 2.639 2.374 1.990 1.664 1.292 90 2.632 2.368 1.987 1.662 1.291 Critical + value (negative) Critical + value 100 2.626 2.364 1.984 1.660 1.290 (positive) 200 2.601 2.345 1.972 1.653 1.286 300 2.592 2.339 1.968 1.650 1.284 400 2.588 2.336 1.966 1.649 1.284 500 2.586 2.334 1.965 1.648 1.283 1000 2.581 2.330 1.962 1.646 1.282 2000 2.578 2.328 1.961 1.646 1.282 Large 2.576 2.326 1.960 1.645 1.282