The  temperature that would exist at a point in the flow if the fluid elements were brought to rest adiabatically at that point. For each of these chemically reacting flows, is \(T_{0}\) constant or variable throughout the flow? Explain your answer.

a. Equilibrium flow across a shock wave

b. Nonequilibrium flow across a shock wave

c. Inviscid, adiabatic, equilibrium flow through nozzles

d. Inviscid, adiabatic nonequilibrium flow through nozzles