A toaster oven is fabricated from aluminum that has been oxidized over time (properties akin to anodized

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A toaster oven is fabricated from aluminum that has been oxidized over time (properties akin to anodized aluminum). The cylindrical heater element ( \(0.5 \mathrm{~cm}\) in diameter) is located \(5 \mathrm{~mm}\) from the bottom surface. This element radiates like a blackbody at \(1000 \mathrm{~K}\). The toaster oven sits \(3 \mathrm{~cm}\) from a wood countertop. What would be the reduction in heat flux to the countertop if a radiation shield of emissivity 0.05 were placed \(3 \mathrm{~mm}\) from the heater element between the element and the outer surface of the oven?

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