Consider the reduction half-cell reactions listed in Appendix D, and give plausible explanations for the following observations:

(a) For some half-cell reactions E depends on pH; for others, it does not.

(b) Whenever H⁺ appears in a half-cell equation it is on the left side.

(c) Whenever OH^- appears in a half-cell equation it is on the right side.

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TABLE D.1 Ground-State Electron Configurations Element Configuration Z Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 HIG&LUZONSUZ SE> 0 ≤ 2 3 2 3 5 3 3 2 2 5 2 He 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Sc 22 23 24 25 Mn Mg 26 27 28 Ni 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Zn Ga Ge 1s¹ 1s² [He] 2s¹ [He] 2s2 [He] 2s²2p¹ [He] 2s²2p² [He] 2s²2p³ [He] 2s22p4 [He] 2s²2p5 [He] 2s²2p6 [Ne] 3s¹ [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s 3p¹ [Ne] 3s23p² [Ne] 3s²3p³ [Ne] 3s23p4 [Ne] 3s²3p5 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 54 55 [Ar] 4s² 56 [Ar]3d¹4s² 57 [Ar]3d²4s² 58 [Ar]3d³4s² 59 [Ar]3d54s¹ 60 61 [Ar]3d³4s² [Ar]3d64s² 62 [Ar]3d²4s² 63 [Ar]3d845² 64 [Ar]3d¹04s¹ 65 [Ar]3d¹04s2 [Ar]3d¹04s²4p¹ [Ar]3d¹04s²4p² [Ar]3d¹04s²4p³ 69 Tm 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er [Ar]3d¹04s²4p4 70 Yb Lu [Ar]3d¹04s²4p5 71 [Ar]3d¹04s²4p6 Element [Ne] 3s 3p6 [Ar] 4s¹ I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Configuration Z [Kr] 5s¹ [Kr] 5s² [Kr] 4d¹5s² [Kr] 4d²5s² [Kr] 4d45s¹ [Kr] 4d55s¹ [Kr] 4d55s² [Kr] 4d75s¹ [Kr] 4d85s1 [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d105s1 [Kr] 4d¹05s² [Kr] 4d¹05s²5p¹ [Kr] 4d¹05s25p² [Kr] 4d¹05s²5p³ [Kr] 4d¹05s25p4 [Xe] 6s² [Xe] 5d¹6s² [Xe] 4f²6s² [Xe] 4f³6s² [Xe] 4f46s2 [Xe] 4f6s2 [Xe] 4f6s2 [Xe] 4f²6s² [Xe] 4f75d¹6s² [Xe] 4f%s2 [Xe] 4f106s2 [Xe] 4f¹¹6s² NRNKERKR [Xe] 4f126s2 [Xe] 4f136s2 [Xe] 4f146s2 [Xe] 4f¹45d¹6s² 72 Hf 73 Ta W 74 75 Re 76 Os 77 Element 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 Fr [Kr] 4d¹05s²5p5 88 Ra [Kr] 4d¹05s²5p6 89 Ac [Xe] 6s¹ 90 Th 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg Configuration [Xe] 4f¹45d²6s² [Xe] 4f145d³6s² [Xe] 4f145d46s2 [Xe] 4f145d56s2 [Xe] 4f145d6s2 [Xe] 4f¹45d²6s² [Xe] 4f¹45dº6s¹ [Xe] 4f145d106s1 [Xe] 4f145d106s2 [Xe] 4f145d6s26p* [Xe] 4f145d106s36p? [Xe] 4f145d16s?6p3 [Xe] 4f145d6s®6p* [Xe] 4f145d16s26p5 [Xe] 4f145d106s26p6 [Rn] 7s¹ [Rn] 7s² [Rn] 6d¹7s² [Rn] 6d²7s² [Rn] 5f26d¹7s² [Rn] 5f³6d¹7s² [Rn] 5f46d¹7s2 [Rn] 5f67s² [Rn] 5f77s² [Rn] 5f76d¹7s² [Rn] 5f97s2 [Rn] 5f107,2 [Rn] 5f117s2 [Rn] 5f¹27s² [Rn] 5f137,2 [Rn] 5f147s2 Rn] 5f¹46d¹7s² [Rn] 5f¹46d²7s² [Rn] 5f¹46d³7s2 [Rn] 5f¹46d¹7s²