In a study of the relationship between sleep apnea and hypertension (New England Journal of Medicine, 2000), researchers Peppard et al. categorized the participants by the severity of sleep apnea at the beginning of the study, and four years later recorded whether or not the participant had hypertension. Here is the table of the summarized data:

a. Is this an experiment or an observational study? How are you deciding?
b. Identify the observational units.
c. Identify the explanatory and response variables. Also, for each variable, identify whether it is categorical or quantitative.
d. Define the parameters of interest. Assign symbols to these parameters.
e. State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.
f. Find the table of expected cell counts; that is, complete the table below, assuming the null hypothesis were true.

g. Describe how one might use everyday items (for example, coins, dice, cards, etc.) to conduct a tactile simulation-based test of the hypotheses. Be sure to clearly describe how the p-value will be computed from the simulation.

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Severity of sleep apnea Not Somewhat Severe Very Total 40 277 69 27 616 Yes 142 32 63 Severe hypertension? No 155 365 Total 187 507 132 67 893 Severity of sleep apnea Not Somewhat Severe Very Total Yes 277 277 Severe hypertension? No 616 Total 187 507 67 132 893