Reconsider the study mentioned in the previous exercise about guessing the size of Milwaukee’s population. Our research question: On average, will students like the ones in the study tend to guess a higher population size for Milwaukee if they are told about Chicago’s population size rather than told Green Bay’s population size?
a. Define (in words) the parameters of interest of this study. Also, assign symbols to the parameters.
b. Express the null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the class data give strong evidence in support of the anchoring phenomenon described above. Use words only.
c. Express the null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the class data give strong evidence in support of the anchoring phenomenon described above. Use the symbols defined in part (a).
d. Give detailed, step-by-step instructions on how one could conduct a tactile simulation to generate a p-value, keeping in mind that you want to investigate whether there is strong evidence of the anchoring phenomenon among students like the ones in this study. Be sure to include details on the following:

• Would the simulation involve coins, dice, or index cards?
• How many tosses, rolls, or cards would be used?
• How many sets of tosses, rolls, or shuffles would you observe?
• What would you record aft er every repetition?
• How would you compute the p-value?

Data from previous exercise

Anchoring is “the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or ‘anchor,’ on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.” (Source: Wikipedia.) A group of students taking an introductory statistics course at a four-year university in California were asked to guess the population of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Some of the students were randomly chosen to be told that the nearby city of Chicago, Illinois has a population of about 3 million people, while the rest of the students were told that the nearby city of Green Bay, Wisconsin, has a population of about 100,000. Previous studies have shown that these numbers serve as a psychological anchor, so people told about Chicago tend to guess a higher population for Milwaukee than people told about Green Bay. (For more about this phenomenon, see the book Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein.) The purpose in analyzing the data is to see if we find strong evidence of this phenomenon among students like the ones in this study.