If either parents get involved in their children’s education or the school year is lengthened, then if the children learn phonics, their reading will improve and if they are introduced to abstract concepts earlier, their math will improve. If either parents get involved in their children’s education or nebulous subjects are dropped from the curriculum, then either the children will learn phonics or they will be introduced to abstract concepts earlier. Parents will get involved in their children’s education, and writing lessons will be integrated with other subjects. Therefore, either the children’s reading or their math will improve. (P, S, L, R, I, M, N, W )

Translate the following arguments into symbolic form and use the first eight rules of inference to derive the conclusion of each. Use the letters in the order in which they are listed.