If poor people live as long as rich people, then longevity is unaffected by wealth. Either the less affluent have stopped smoking or it is not the case that longevity is unaffected by wealth. It is not the case that the less affluent have stopped smoking. Therefore, poor people do not live as long as rich people. (P, L, S)

Translate the following arguments into symbolic form and use the first four rules of inference to derive the conclusion of each. The letters to be used for the simple statements are given in parentheses after each exercise. Use these letters in the order in which they are listed.