Which of the following statements is true? (You may select more than one answer.)

a. Manufacturing overhead is an indirect cost.

b. Because manufacturing overhead includes fixed costs, the predetermined overhead rate tends to remain stable from period to period.

c. Ideally, the allocation base in a predetermined overhead rate should be a cost driver.

d. A unit product cost includes three types of manufacturing costs—direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.

Ryan Company uses machine-hours as the allocation base in the Machining Department and direct labor-hours as the allocation base in the Assembly Department. At the beginning of the year, the company made the following estimates:

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Direct labor-hours.... Machine-hours..... Total fixed manufacturing overhead cost Variable manufacturing overhead per machine-hour. Variable manufacturing overhead per direct labor-hour... Department Machining Assembly 8,000 25,000 40,000 5,000 $250,000 $360,000 $2.50 - $4.25