Surveys have found that chocolate is Canadians’ favourite ice-cream flavour. For each of the following, indicate the possible effects on demand, supply, or both as well as equilibrium price and quantity of chocolate ice cream.

a. A severe drought in Ontario causes dairy farmers to reduce the number of milk-producing cattle in their herds by a third. These dairy farmers supply cream that is used to manufacture chocolate ice cream.

b. A new report by the Canadian Medical Association reveals that chocolate does, in fact, have significant health benefits.

c. The discovery of cheaper synthetic vanilla flavouring lowers the price of vanilla ice cream.

d. New technology for mixing and freezing ice cream lowers manufacturers’ costs of producing chocolate ice cream.