Compare the management environments discussed in Table 1.1 and discuss the challenges that leaders face in the 21st century.

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Table 1.1 Management Environment Transitions From the 20th Century to the 21st Century 20th Century 1. High percentage of manufacturing industries 2. Emphasis on functional expertise 3. Domestic market 4. Legitimate authority in hierarchical organizational structure 5. Clearly defined operating procedures 6. Well-defined industry boundaries 7. Fairly constant market 8. Bricks & mortar 9. Communication slow & unreliable 10. Technology growth emerging 11. Many employees with similar responsibilities & skills 21st Century 1. High percentage of service industries 2. Emphasis on management processes 3. Foreign markets & cultures 4. Virtual team & network organizational structures 5. Fluid & reactive operating procedures 6. Ill-defined industry boundaries 7. Turbulent market 8. Virtual offices 9. Communication instantaneous & continuous 10. Technology growth exponential 11. Many employees with unique responsibilities & skills