Return to the data of Example 10.8.

a. Carry out a two-tailed permutation test for the hypothesis of equal population means.

b. Compare the results for (a) and Example 10.8. Why should you have expected (a) and Example 10.8 to give similar results?

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Example 10.8 A study was carried out in an attempt to improve student performance in a low-level university mathematics course. Experience had shown that many students had fallen by the wayside, meaning that they had dropped out or completed the course with minimal effort and low grades. The study involved assigning the students to sections based on odd or even Social Security number. It is important that the assignment to sections not be on the basis of student choice, because then the differences in performance might be attributable to differences in student attitude or ability. Half of the sections were taught traditionally, whereas the other half were taught in a way that hopefully would keep the students involved. They were given frequent assignments that were collected and graded, they had frequent quizzes, and they were allowed retakes on exams.