Begin by answering the following true-false questions.

a. "Somebody once went to a good deal of trouble to find out if cigarette smokers make lower college grades than nonsmokers. It turns out that they did." Conclusion: Smoking makes dull minds.

b. "Professor Helen M. Walker was investigating the relationship between some physical characteristics of women. She found that the angle of the feet in walking tends to be greater among older women." Conclusion: Women tend to toe out more as they grow older.

c. "There is a correlation between the outcome of the Super Bowl and stocks the following year. If the NFC wins, statistics show that stocks are more likely to go up the following year; if the AFC wins, stocks tend to go down." Conclusion: This year the Green Bay Packers won the Super Bowl. Since they are in the NFC, I'll put my money on the stock market increasing this year. unwarranted conclusion

d. "In looking at the number of fires in Chicago for the last ten years and the number of fire engines in service in the city, we see that there is a high correlation." Conclusion: Fire engines cause the damage. unwarranted conclusion

e. Write a paper on the spurious correlations.