Determine whether each of the following is an example of an import, export, financial inflow, or financial outflow. If it is a financial flow, is it an example of foreign direct investment or of portfolio investment?

a. Tesla began building a factory dedicated to large-scale production of batteries in Shanghai.

b. A German business pays an American consultant for financial advice.

c. A U.S. family spends $2,000 on hotels and meals while taking a vacation in London.

d. U.S. oil refineries purchased US$53 billion of crude petroleum from Canadian oil companies.

e. You sell a hand-knitted scarf on Etsy to a woman who lives in France.

f. A saver in Mexico purchases $100 in U.S. government bonds.