The major personality theorists in psychology come from similar European-American traditions in terms of the cultural values
Question:
The major personality theorists in psychology come from similar European-American traditions in terms of the cultural values and assumptions inherent in the theories.
Select a personality theory (Sigmund Freud, Carl Rogers, or another). Consider the important concepts included in the theory you chose. Write a letter to the theorist making the case for change/revision.
There is considerable debate about the best way to conceive of emotions. Some the theories have focused more on the physiological markers of emotions; others focus more on the interpretive aspects of emotions. In general, theories that focus on the physiological aspects of emotions predict less cultural variability, and theories that focus on interpretive aspects of emotions expect much cultural variability. Both theories recognize that appraisals are a key part of emotions. Research on facial expressions reveals much consistency around the world in the ways that people recognize the basic emotions of fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust.
These expressions are not the product of cultural learning but reflect universal physiological reactions. However, some aspects of the ways people express their emotions are shaped by cultural learning, and people are less accurate at recognizing facial expressions of people from different cultures than of people from their own culture. Facial expressions serve an important communicative function, and people do not show on their faces all the emotions they are experiencing.
In general, people’s faces convey far more expressions when they are communicating with others. Cultures vary in the display rules that shape how emotions are expressed. Display rules guide both the intensity through which emotions are expressed and the ways they are expressed. Some cultures communicate their emotions more directly whereas others express them in more moderated form. Cultures vary tremendously in their vocabulary for emotions. Sonic cultures have many more emotion words than others, and there is often little overlap between these emotion words. For example, terms for the basic emotions are not represented in all languages and many emotion words from other languages do not exist in English. People with interdependent selves are more likely to appraise situations with regard to relational concerns than are people with independent selves. Also, people with interdependent selves are more likely to feel happy when they have interpersonally engaged positive emotions whereas people with independent selves are more likely to feel happy when they experience interpersonally disengaged positive emotions. Cultures around the world vary considerably in their degrees of subjective well-being. Subjective well-being is affected by such variables as wealth, protection of human rights, and income equality. People’s report of their subjective well-being is also affected by whether they believe that life should be consistently good or that life is inherently composed of both good and bad events.
Furthermore, some kinds of positive feelings, such as high arousal states, are more desired in Western cultures whereas low arousal positive feelings are more desired among East Asian populations.
Contemporary Business
ISBN: 9781118161739
1st Canadian Edition
Authors: Louis E. Boone, Micheal H. Khan, DAvid L. Kurtz, Brahm M. Canzer