1. Given the following table, please calculate s-values for the effects of p- methoxy and p-nitro substituents on the acidity of benzoic acids. Ka of Substituted Benzoic Aci 6.46 x 10-5 3.50 x 10-5 Substituent X = H X = OCH3 X = NO2 3.90 x 10-4 a. What does the sign of the s-value of a substituent mean for its effect on the stability of the transition state? b. What type of reaction will be favored by a substituent with a positives and what type will be favored by substituents with negative s-values?