Even during the Industrial Revolution, managers made decisions without much forethought or planning. Worker motivation and incentives were absent in the workplace. However, at Midvale Steel Company, a young manager named Frederick W.$.$ Taylor was frustrated with getting his employees to do a fair days work set out to improve output. Taylor noticed that workers consistently practiced soldieringdeliberately slowing their pace to restrict work output. Taylor tried a variety of methods to get his men to produce, but none of them worked. Eventually, Taylor developed scientific managementor one best way of doing each work task.

The scientific management theory explores workflows and ways to improve productivity. Managers must follow four principles: First, develop a science or one best way to complete each mans task. Second, train, teach, and develop the employee to do his work. Third, cooperate with the workers to guarantee all of the work is done in accordance with the scientific way that has been developed. Fourth, divide the work equally between management and workers.

Two other important pioneers in scientific management were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths used motion studies to improve production. By eliminating any unnecessary or repetitive motions in a task, they could reduce the level of effort needed to safely perform a job task.

Henry Gantt, an associate of Taylor, developed the Gantt chart that visually indicates what tasks must be competed at which times in order to complete a project. Although Gantt charts seem simple, they were innovative at the time because they provided detailed planning information.

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth are best known for their use of _______$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ to simplify work.

motion studies

feasibility studies

time studies

observational studies

A _______$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ is a graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task.

Pareto chart

Gantt chart

pie chart

flowchart

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