A spark can travel through the air from one capacitor plate to another if the electric field is large enough - typically at 2.93×10⁶ N/C. This is called "breakdown" and the air essentially becomes a conductor for a short time. Suppose you make a capacitor from two 8.20 cm × 8.20 cm electrodes. How many electrons need to be transferred from one electrode to the other in order to make a spark between the electrodes?

a. 8.72×10¹⁵ electrons
b. 4.71×10¹¹ electrons
c. 1.63×10¹² electrons
d. 1.09×10¹² electrons

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