Consider the following faults, and explain whether they are transient, intermittent or permanent, detailing why this is

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Question:

Consider the following faults, and explain whether they are transient, intermittent or permanent, detailing why this is the case.

(i) A fault in the network has caused a request that is being sent from one node to another to time out or fail. Some time later, the same request is made between the two nodes again and has succeeded.

(ii) A fault has occurred because part of the system has run out of memory.

(iii) A fault has occurred due to a loose connection in hardware, somewhere in the system,

In a synchronous system, processes may need to make decisions and reach a consensus as a group. How can a group agree and coordinate in the presence of processes that wish to produce an erroneous result? With the aid of a diagram, detail an example with 5 processes, where only one-to-one communication is used.