Explain what is reverse causality Find or develop a case (or an example) of possible reverse causality. Explain why it is subject to reverse causality. 

Suppose a company wants to know the effectiveness of a new advertising message in improving consumers' perception of its brand. Develop a one-group after-only design. Explain why this design is susceptible to history effect.

Create a dummy table for a cross-sectional descriptive study that intends to answer the following question:

  

Does gender explain genre preference for movies? (i.e., do men and women have different genre preference for movies?)