Harker and Kelner (2001) examined whether emotional well-being in later life could be predicted from the facial expressions of 141 women in their college yearbook photos. The predictor variable of greatest interest was the “positivity of emotional expression” in the college yearbook photo. They also had these photographs rated on physical attractiveness. They contracted the same women for follow-up psychological assessments at age 52 (and at other ages; data not shown here). Here are the correlations of these two predictors (based on ratings of the yearbook photo) with several of their self-reported social and emotional outcomes at age 52.In College PhotoAt Age 52 Physical Attractiveness Positivity of Facial Expression Negative emotionally .04 -2.7Nurturance -.06 .22Well-being .03 .27

a. Which of the six correlations above are statistically significant (i) if you test each correlation using = .05, two-tailed, and (ii) if you set = .05 and use Bonferroni- corrected tests?

b. How would you interpret their results?

c. Can you make any causal inferences from this study? Give reasons.

d. Would it appropriate for the researchers to generalize these findings to other groups, such as men?

e. What additional information would be available to you if you were able to see the scatter plot of these variables?

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