In a nation with 4 billion light sockets, one light bulb per household can make a real difference. If every U.S. household replaced one ordinary incandescent light bulb with a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), the energy saved would be enough to light 3 million homes. This single change would be the environmental equivalent of taking 800,000 cars off the road and preventing 450 pounds of greenhouse gases from reaching the atmosphere. Change a light bulb, help the planet, slash energy costs— sounds like a win-win situation.

Yet since the CFL’s invention more than 30 years ago, it has been slow to catch on. Meanwhile, the incandescent light bulb, which was commercialized more than a century ago, still accounts for more than 90 percent of all light bulbs sold in the U.S. Why have CFLs not been more popular?

Higher price. One big reason that CFLs have not been big sellers is because each cost five to seven times more than an incandescent light bulb does. A CFL can last up to twelve times as long as an incandescent bulb does, and installing even a few will make a noticeable difference in a household’s monthly electric bill. However, the initial outlay has discouraged many people from making the switch.

Not the same old light bulb. A second reason is that do not work as well as incandescent bulbs do in certain circumstances, such as in fixtures outfitted with dimmers or in spotlights. Because the two types of bulbs are not completely interchangeable, consumers have to do at least a little research and possibly some experimentation to determine when they can and cannot install a CFL in place of an incandescent bulb. Instead, most consumers stay with what they know and keep buying the same type of bulbs they have always used.

Still too new. Until very recently, few CFLs could be found on store shelves; those that were available had to compete with rows and rows of incandescent light bulbs. And CFLs were rarely featured in advertising. Despite some publicity, not everyone was getting the message about the CFL’s energy efficiency and the long-term ccost benefits of switching

from incandescent.

Disposal concerns. Because CFLs contain a minute amount of mercury, they must be handled like hazardous waste instead of being thrown away like ordinary light bulbs. Sylvania provides customers with special packaging to return burnt-out CFLs for recycling by dropping them off at FedEx Kinko’s or at local post offices. However, even when consumers know about the benefits of CFLs, they may not know how to dispose of them safely.

Now the CFL is coming into its own amid a growing chorus of campaigns by retailers, manufacturers, utilities, and government agencies. Wal-Mart is putting a major marketing push behind CFLs, featuring them in ads and on the Web to encourage its 100 million customers to buy at least one new bulb. The retailer has even added CFLs to its back-to-school shopping list for eco-friendly products that it has posted on Facebook to reach “green teens.” Utilities such as Pacific Gas & Electric in California have given away free CFLs or have offered CFLs at reduced prices to encourage customers to at least try the bulbs.

Major bulb manufacturers like General Electric, Philips, and Sylvania are helping to educate consumers about CFLs through on-package information and in marketing communications such as ads and media interviews. With new government standards calling for the phase-out of regular incandescent light bulbs over the next 10 years, manufacturers are also testing energy-efficient lighting alternatives such as low-heat incandescent bulbs, new halogen bulbs, and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs. Soon light sockets all over America will be lit with CFLs and other new bulbs.

Questions

1. Would you characterize the CFL as discontinuous, dynamically continuous, or continuous? How does this level of innovation help to explain why CFLs have diffused relatively slowly through the market?

2. Does the decision to adopt CFLs follow the high-effort or low-effort hierarchy of effects? What are the implications for marketers who make or retail CFLs?

3. How have the characteristics of the innovation and consumer learning requirements affected consumers’ resistance to and adoption of CFLs?

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SOLUTIONS MUST BE IN 5 DIFFERENT THEOREMS FOR EACH FIGURE. DO NOT ROUND OFF UNTIL THE FINAL ANSWER IS OBTAINED. FRACTIONS ARE ACCEPTED. 1. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 2. MAXWELL'S MESH EQUATIONS 3. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM 4. NODAL VOLTAGE ANALYSIS 5. SOURCE TRANSFORMATIONS 6. THEVENIN'S THEOREM 7. NORTON'S THEOREM 8. MILLMAN'S THEOREM 4 ko 10 ka 6 kn 8 kn 2 kQ Vo 6 V IV- CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SOLUTIONS MUST BE IN 5 DIFFERENT THEOREMS FOR EACH FIGURE. DO NOT ROUND OFF UNTIL THE FINAL ANSWER IS OBTAINED. FRACTIONS ARE ACCEPTED. 6 kN 6 kN 1. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 2. MAXWELL'S MESH EQUATIONS 3. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM 6 V 3 k2 3 V 4. NODAL VOLTAGE ANALYSIS 5. SOURCE TRANSFORMATIONS 6. THEVENIN'S THEOREM 7. NORTON'S THEOREM 8. MILLMAN'S THEOREM V- TABLE : FOR FIGURE 1 VOLTAGE PERCENT CURRENT ELEMENT PERCENT MEASURED COMPUTED OF MEASURED COMPUTED LABEL OF ERROR VALUE VALUE ERROR VALUE VALUE бК (1) 3K 6К (1) SOLUTIONS MUST BE IN 5 DIFFERENT THEOREMS FOR EACH FIGURE. DO NOT ROUND OFF UNTIL THE FINAL ANSWER IS OBTAINED. FRACTIONS ARE ACCEPTED. 1. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 2. MAXWELL'S MESH EQUATIONS 3. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM 4. NODAL VOLTAGE ANALYSIS 5. SOURCE TRANSFORMATIONS 6. THEVENIN'S THEOREM 7. NORTON'S THEOREM 8. MILLMAN'S THEOREM 4 ko 10 ka 6 kn 8 kn 2 kQ Vo 6 V IV- CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SOLUTIONS MUST BE IN 5 DIFFERENT THEOREMS FOR EACH FIGURE. DO NOT ROUND OFF UNTIL THE FINAL ANSWER IS OBTAINED. FRACTIONS ARE ACCEPTED. 6 kN 6 kN 1. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 2. MAXWELL'S MESH EQUATIONS 3. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM 6 V 3 k2 3 V 4. NODAL VOLTAGE ANALYSIS 5. SOURCE TRANSFORMATIONS 6. THEVENIN'S THEOREM 7. NORTON'S THEOREM 8. MILLMAN'S THEOREM V- TABLE : FOR FIGURE 1 VOLTAGE PERCENT CURRENT ELEMENT PERCENT MEASURED COMPUTED OF MEASURED COMPUTED LABEL OF ERROR VALUE VALUE ERROR VALUE VALUE бК (1) 3K 6К (1)

Answer rating: 100% (QA)

1 The CFL can be categorized as dynamically continuous innovation The core purpose of the CFL is similar to the Incandescent light bulb to illuminate its surroundings The people who want to use the In... View the full answer